Chitosan
Chitosan can be adsorbed on the surface of bacterial cell walls through amino groups to form a polymer film, which changes the permeability of bacterial cell membranes, blocks the entry of nutrients, separates the cell plasma wall, and kills the bacteria. On the other hand, chitosan can also penetrate into bacterial cells, combine with the negatively charged cytoplasm in the cells, cause flocculation, and kill the bacteria.
【1】Chinese common name Chitosan
【2】English common name chitosan
【3】Commodity name Chitosan, amino polysaccharide, chitosan
【4】Chemical name β-(1→4)-2﹣amino﹣2﹣deoxy﹣D﹣glucose
【5】CAS No. 9012-76-4
【6】Molecular formula (C6H11NO4) n.
【7】Relative molecular mass (161.1) n.
【8】Physical and chemical properties
Pure product is white or off-white amorphous flake or powder, odorless and tasteless. Insoluble in water, it dissolves into a viscous liquid in organic acids such as lactic acid and acetic acid and inorganic acids such as dilute hydrochloric acid and dilute nitric acid. It has stable chemical properties, high temperature resistance, and does not change after high temperature sterilization.
【9】Toxicity Slightly toxic
【10】Main dosage forms 0.5%, 2% chitosan water, 0.5% chitosan suspension seed coating, 0.5% chitosan wettable powder
【11】Features
The free amino group in the chitosan molecule has a very strong affinity for various proteins, so it can be used as the carrier of physiologically active substances such as enzymes, antigens, antibodies, etc. so that the enzymes and cells can maintain a high degree of vitality. At the same time, the polysaccharide has a special regulating function for the nitrogen metabolism of plants, which can effectively promote the growth of plant roots, stems, and leaves, improve the quality of crops, and improve plant resistance. At the same time, chitosan can form chelates with metal ions, and can also adsorb organic matter such as negatively charged proteins, amino acids, nucleic acids, etc., to improve the aggregate structure of the soil. In addition, chitosan has bacteriostatic properties. This is mainly because the chitosan molecular chain has positively charged amino groups, and bacterial cells are usually negatively charged. Chitosan can be adsorbed on the surface of the bacterial cell wall through the amino groups to form a polymer film and change the permeability of the bacterial cell membrane. , prevent the entry of nutrients, and separate the cytoplasmic wall, thereby killing bacteria; on the other hand, chitosan can also penetrate the interior of bacterial cells, combine with the negatively charged cytoplasm in the cell, and cause flocculation to kill bacteria.
In practical applications, chitosan can be used as a plant growth regulator, soil conditioner, and preservative to regulate the growth of crops at the same time.
【12】Applied technology
1. Regulate crop growth and induce crop resistance
Wheat
Coating with 125~165mg of chitosan per kilogram of seeds or soaking the seeds with 0.1%~0.2% liquid medicine for 24h can activate protease, promote seed germination and seedling growth, improve seedling quality, and enhance plant resistance.
Rice
Seed soaking treatment with 0.1%~0.2% chitosan solution for 24~36h can promote seed germination and seedling growth; Plant resistance.
Corn
Coating with 125~165mg of chitosan per kilogram of seeds or soaking the seeds with 0.5% liquid medicine for 6 hours can improve the germination rate of seeds, improve seed vigor, and increase the number of grains per ear, grain weight per ear, and 100 grains of corn in later growth. weight and yield.
Cotton
Coating with 125~165mg chitosan per kilogram of seeds can enhance the seed germination rate and improve the seed vigor.
Soybean
Coating treatment with 125~165mg chitosan per kilogram of seeds or soaking the seeds with 1.2% liquid medicine for 1 hour can improve the germination rate of seeds and improve the vigor of seeds.
Peanut
Seed soaking treatment with 0.75% chitosan solution for 8 hours can promote the rapid and stable growth of peanut roots, stems and leaves, increase the total number of fruits, the number of full fruits and fruit weight per peanut, and improve the biological and economic yield of peanuts .
Tomato
Soaking tomato seeds with 0.075%~0.1% chitosan solution for 24 hours can improve the germination potential and germination rate of the seeds, and can improve the root vigor, prevent the occurrence of stem rot, and enhance the disease resistance of plants.
Cucumber
Treating cucumber seeds with 0.01%~0.2% chitosan solution for 6h can promote seed germination and improve the low temperature resistance of seedlings. Or spray the whole plant with 20~30mg/L chitosan liquid before harvesting, which can increase the yield. Improve disease resistance.
Momordica charantia
Seed soaking treatment with 0.75%~1% chitosan solution for 3~6h can promote seed germination and seedling growth.
Loto
Seed soaking treatment with 0.05% chitosan solution for 6h can improve the germination rate of radish seeds and the salt tolerance of seedlings.
Cowpea
After the two true leaves are flattened, irrigated with 200~250mg/L chitosan (relative molecular weight 20000) liquid, which can promote the growth of cowpea seedlings, the plant height and stem diameter are significantly increased, and the morphological establishment of the seedlings is promoted; After chitosan induction, the activities of superoxide dismutase and peroxidase were significantly higher than those of the control, and the content of malondialdehyde and the exudation rate of electrolytes were significantly reduced, which improved the salt tolerance of seedlings
Kidney bean
Using 1.5%~2% chitosan and the ratio of 1:50 to treat common bean seeds can effectively promote the germination of common bean seeds, improve the germination rate, germination potential and germination index, and can enhance the resistance of seedlings and effectively solve the difficulty in emergence. , The problem of protecting seedlings is difficult.
Chinese cabbage
7d after planting, spraying with 70mg/L liquid for 5 times, with an interval of 7d, has the effect of promoting the nodulation of Chinese cabbage, and the yield is increased by 18.9%. In addition, it has a certain preventive effect on Chinese cabbage virus disease, anthracnose and bacterial angular spot.
Broccoli
Seed soaking treatment with 100mg/L liquid medicine for 30min can significantly increase chlorophyll content, increase enzyme activity, promote strong seedlings, and improve seedling salt resistance; in the inflorescence differentiation stage, 40~50mg/L chitosan (relative molecular weight 6000) Spraying treatment 3 times, with an interval of 10 days, can significantly increase the content of chlorophyll, flavonoids, chlorogenic acid, total polyphenols, soluble protein and soluble total sugar in the curd, and significantly improve the quality.
Jujube
During the growth period, 500mg/L chitosan (relative molecular weight 3000) was sprayed on the foliage 3 times, with an interval of 3~
5d can induce plants to produce resistant substances, activate immune system resistance, and have a good control effect on jujube shrinkage.
Walnut
Spraying walnut branches with 0.1% chitosan liquid can significantly increase the antioxidative enzyme activity and proline content of walnut under low temperature stress, and improve its frost resistance.
Highland barley
Seed soaking treatment with 200mg/L liquid medicine for 12h can promote seed germination and increase the content of chlorophyll and soluble protein in seedlings.
2. Improve the soil
Improve soil aggregate structure
Chitosan is irrigated in nutrient soil or seedbed at a concentration of 20~40mg/L, or mixed with soil in an amount of 7.5~15mg per kilogram of soil, which can improve the aggregate structure of the soil, reduce water evaporation, and reduce soil salinization, which is beneficial to Seedling growth of pepper, tomato, cucumber, tobacco,o and other crops.
Heavy Metal Pollution Remediation
After applying chitosan solution in heavy metal-contaminated soil, the content of heavy metals such as copper, lead, and cadmium in the soil within 7 days will decrease with the increase of chitosan application amount, and soil enzyme activity and soil microbial number will increase with the solution. increased with the increase in application rate. The recommended application rate is 450 mg per kilogram of soil.
3. Promote freshness and prolong storage period
Apple
After the apples are harvested, spray 1% chitosan liquid evenly on the fruit surface and dry it. After 5 months of storage at room temperature, the apples remain bright green without shrinking, and the water content and vitamin C content are significantly higher. In contrast, the good fruit rate was 98%.
Kiwi
At room temperature, spraying kiwifruit with 0.3% chitosan liquid can prolong its storage life to 70-80d, while the control treatment is only 10-13d.
Tangerine
After the citrus was harvested, 2% chitosan liquid was evenly sprayed on the fruit surface and dried, and no obvious spots appeared after being stored at 30°C for 7 days.
Strawberry
The contents of superoxide dismutase and vitamin C remained at a high level after being stored for a period of time in strawberries treated with 1%chitosan.
Potato
Before storage, diluted with 20mg chitosan mixed with appropriate amount of water, sprayed on the surface of potatoes, dried and stored, which can effectively inhibit tuber germination.
Grape
After fruit picking, soaking with 1% chitosan liquid for 20min can better maintain the energy level and physiological quality of the fruit and prolong the storage time.
Pitaya
0.4% chitosan (relative molecular weight 5000) was sprayed on 5d, 15d, and 25d after flowering respectively. After ripening and harvesting, it was determined that it could protect the cell membrane of the fruit to a certain extent, slow down the water loss of the fruit, and delay the peeling of the fruit. Physiological metabolism such as thinning is maintained, and physiological metabolism such as thinning is maintained in the post-harvest storage process of dragon fruit, and the quality of dragon fruit in the post-harvest storage process is maintained, thereby prolonging its storage time.
Pawpaw
After picking melons, apply 1.0% chitosan liquid to treat the fruit, and then store it at room temperature, which can effectively reduce water loss, increase superoxide dismutase activity, reduce the accumulation of malondialdehyde, maintain fruit firmness and delay fruit senescence process.
Fresh-cut fruits and vegetables
Soak fresh-cut fruits and vegetables with 1%~2% chitosan solution for 1min, wrap them with 0.11mm thick PE plastic wrap, and store them in a 4°C freezer, which can maintain the sensory quality of cut fruits and vegetables and delay the decline of nutrients. , Inhibit the reproduction of microorganisms, have a good color protection effect on fresh-cut fruits and vegetables, and effectively maintain the quality of fresh-cut fruits and vegetables such as fresh-cut apples, lychees, pumpkins, jackfruit, yams, potatoes, mangoes, grapes, and other fresh-cut fruits and vegetables during storage.
Flowers
Using 0.1%~0.5% polysaccharide liquid as cut flower liquid to treat gerbera, gladiolus and other cut flowers has good water retention performance and natural antibacterial ability, can prevent water loss, and can scavenge active free radicals in biological tissues It has an induction effect on the plant’s own disease resistance, and can be used as a natural fresh-cut flower preservative.
【13】Notes
①Chitosan is a natural polysaccharide obtained by deacetylation of chitin. It is a natural biopolymer, and its quality is related to the degree of deacetylation.
②The application effect of polysaccharides is related to the molecular mass. The larger the molecular mass, the stronger the adsorption capacity, and the weaker the plant absorption capacity; the smaller the molecular mass, the stronger the absorption capacity, but the weaker the adsorption capacity.
③ Chitosan can be dissolved in many dilute acids, and the effect of different acid sources is also different, and the acetic acid solution is the best.
④ When using general saccharide dilution treatment, it is necessary to strengthen the stirring to make the concentration of the liquid medicine uniform.
⑤ The oligomers obtained by degradation of chitosan (polymerization degree of 2~20, also calix oligosaccharide, amino oligosaccharide) have been popularized and used in the Chinese market as a plant resistance inducer, and as a plant growth regulator in Japan application.
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